The State Of Obama s Rhetoric - 1537 Words

Abby Silsby APLANG Period 2 Wells February 3, 2015 The State of Obama’s Rhetoric It is his second to last State of the Union speech, but his first with both houses of Congress in Republican control: On Tuesday night, January 20th, President Barack Obama itemized the achievements of his presidency and his devotion to raising the economic outlook for the middle class. In his address, he effectively outlined his legislative agenda for the up-and-coming year. He accomplishes this by employing a confident and optimistic tone, pronounced diction, and ample support; all in attempt to convince the public, Congress, as well as the 195 countries of the world of his proposals. Obama demonstrates in his 2015 Address, the ability to communicate with†¦show more content†¦This rhetorical technique is powerful linguistic method that invokes inspiration and positivity. People tend to react against things they don’t want to hear. They shut down, stop listening, and start arguing. But, by starting and ending with affirmative mess ages, it circumvents the process. In between Rebekah’s bookends laid out all of Obama’s ambitions and national priorities for the year. It transitions into burdensome situation that American workers are facing like how to provide childcare for employed women and the working class’s demand for a rise in the minimum wage. It discussed Obama’s proposal for free community college so â€Å"student debt doesn’t derail anyone’s dreams.† From there, the address shifted into the deliberation of updating cyber-security based on recent worrisome events. The centerpiece of the president s address was the democratic tax proposal that increases the capital gains rate on couples making more than $500,000 annually to 28 percent. From there, the address segued, into the topic of humanity rights, and the increasing warmer temperatures in the environment. Finally, the address returned back to the underlying grand themes of America and its people. Obama managed to present these main points of his agenda without resembling a grocery list; the successful utilized pattern allowed for smooth transitions throughout. Obama was a surgeon performing heart surgery; he had to make careful and precise rhetorical decisions in

Critical Response Paper - 613 Words

How should the institutions be set up when organizing a new government in a country with several religious factions? I would set up a constitutional democracy with a three-tier system much like our own. The differences would be a judiciary would be independent and elected in a general election much like the states do it. The highest court would be the Constitutional court that would hear only cases pertaining to the Constitution; whereas the Supreme Court would be the highest court of appeal for any cases not pertaining to the constitution. This would lighten the load and burden of our highest courts from having to take on the burden of so many different court cases, or quick appeals when it comes to the death penalty. For the†¦show more content†¦The President and Vice President serve so long as their party maintains control of Congress, and do not receive a vote of no confidence. If such a vote is received, the President will have three months in which to announce nat ional elections for every seat in Congress to reestablish a new majority in Congress. The Council appointments are for however long each religious group wishes the individual represent them, or if a new religious group declares itself, then seats will be redistributed accordingly, so that we have an equal amount of votes for each faction, not exceeding 100 members. The courts shall be elected to one ten year term. They cannot be removed by the legislative branch or executive branch. They can only be recalled by the people of the country, with at least 100,000 verifiable signatures on a recall petition. Each province will be responsible for setting up and running its own provisional government that cannot supersede any federal mandates or laws. If in doing so, the case would be heard by the Constitutional Court to decide the matter. 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Economics for Business Macroeconomics.

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Economics for Business in Macroeconomics. ? Answer: 1. The main objective of the study of macroeconomics is to measure the size of the whole economy. How large is the UK economy is can be measures by the gross domestic product (GDP) (Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2011). Apart from that, the word gross domestic product refers to the value of all the services and final goods in a country in a particular time period. Every market transactions are included in the GDP. The market transactions include both the transactions from consumer and the sellers. The Gross Domestic product or GDP is measured by the market value of the total purchase in UK in a particular year or the market value of the total production in UK in a particular year. The United Kingdom (UK) is getting position of the fifth nationwide economy and the second largest in the Europe. This has been measured by the nominal Gross Domestic Product. Ninth largest economy in the World and the third largest in the Europe and this have been concluded by PPP or the purchasing power parity (Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2014). UK was the in the ninth largest position in the exporter countries in the world in 2014. UK is the most globalized economy in the world. In the economy of UK, the service sector plays a dominant role. The service sector in UK contributes around 78% in the total GDP. London is the largest financial center in the world. So, the financial service sector is very significant in the UK economy. Economic growth Economic growth is nothing but the increase in the market value (inflation adjusted) of all the services and goods produced in a country in a particular or specific period time. The economic growth is generally measured by the percentage increase in the GDP or the gross domestic products. It is also measured by Gross Domestic Product per capita or per capita income level. A rise in the per capita Gross Domestic Product or per capita income indicates the growth in the economy. An economic growth can be happened by the efficient usage of the resources available in the country (Blanchard, 2010). Economic growth is generally measured in the real terms rather than in the monetary terms. So the indicator of the economic growth is generally inflation adjusted. Measuring the economic growth level is a very important thing (Clarida and Giavazzi, 2011). The measurement of economic growth always shows the condition as well as the economic situation of a country. Measurement of economic growth The economic growth measured by the demand side of the GDP. The demand side of GDP consists of four components, such as consumption or consumer spending, investment or business spending, government spending or government expenditure and spending on net exports(Colander, 2013). The resource exploration also has negative effect on the environment. The exploration process pollutes the air. So there occurs air pollution. The processing of oil also affects the air as well as water badly. So many pollutes are spreading in the air as well as water. Consumption expenditure The household of a country conducts the consumption expenditure. The consumption expenditure occupies the greatest portion in the GDP. The consumption expenditure accounts for two third of the total GDP in the country UK. So this reveals that the decision play a significant role in the economy(Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2014). The consumer spending is called as a gentle elephant as it does not leap up suddenly. It is generally viewed over the time period. Investment expenditure The investment expenditure includes the expenditure involved in the purchase of the equipment and the physical plant required for the business. If any business organization is expanding, such as opening of new stores or new technologies or new machinery, then the investment expenditure takes place(Frankel and Pissarides, 2012). The investment expenditure takes about 15 % to 18 % of the total GDP level. But this is very important or very significant for the expansion of the overall economy as it creates new employment. The investment expenditure fluctuates more than the consumption expenditure. The investment of the business organizations are too much volatile, so the investment expenditure also very volatile. It is not certain that in every year, there will take place several new technologies or opening up of new stores. So the investment is not the same in every year. Government spending or government expenditure If the government wants to launch any social spending then it will be included in the government expenditure (GaÃÅ'ˆrtner, n.d.). In UK it is about 20% of the total GDP. The government spending consists of several levels of government, such as local, state and federal. If the government takes upon a project for social welfare, that will be included in the government expenditure. Some example can be given here to elaborate the concept, for example, construction of new bridge, highways, airports etc. in the demand side of the GDP includes the purchases conducted by the government. Vital parts of the budgets of Government are several transfer payments, such as unemployment benefits, social security given to the retirees and veterans benefits. These expenditures that is the transfer payments are expelled from GDP as the government does not obtain any new good or service in exchange (Gordon, 2012). In this section the demand for the domestic goods in the global are to be discussed. To do this, it should be taken into consideration that the goods produced domestically have been sold in the abroad. This means the exports of the country. It should also take into account the imports that mean the goods and services purchased by UK from the rest of the world. The value of spending on import has to be subtracted (Gottfries, 2012). This can be counted by the net exports (NX). The net exports are calculated by gap between the total export and the total import. Symbolically, NX = (X M). This gap is generally known as the trade balance. If the exports of a country are greater than the imports then there exists trade surplus. On the hand, if imports are greater than the exports then there exists trade deficit. There are five categories of the goods and services in the GDP. Those are, namely durable goods, nondurable goods, inventories, structures and services. The durable goods are referred to those goods which have a long longevity(Hubbard and O'Brien, 2010). Some examples are car, house, machineries etc. The nondurable goods are those goods which have a small life span. Some examples of nondurable goods are food, clothing etc. The structure includes the housing, buildings, factories malls etc. Inventories are defined as the commodities that are created by one industry but not yet sold to customers. The services include several services sold in the market, such as the service of doctor, nurse, legal advocate etc. The component service takes a major part in the GDP of UK. Problems There are several problems involved in the measurement of GDP. () argued that GDP is defined as the current market value of entire services and goods that produced in the country especially in United kingdom in a time. The concept of final goods and the intermediate goods are very confusing (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2013). The final goods are those, which are taking into the market for sale. On the other hand, the intermediate goods are those goods, which are used in production process of the other goods. Now, the confusing part is that, the final good of a company is used as intermediate good of the other company. So there arises a problem of double counting. To avoid the problem of double counting, the statisticians always takes into account the final goods and services. The statisticians of government takes into account the value of the final product or services in a production chain, which are sold in the market for consumption. Those goods, which are used in the production chain are intermediate goods and excluded from the calculation of GDP(Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma, 2012). Here is a tabular form of what is included and what are excluded in the counting of GDP. Counting GDP Counted not included Consumption Intermediate goods Government spending on goods and services Illegal goods Business investment Used goods Net exports Transfer payments and non-market activities Some other measures: There are also some other measures for the measurement of the economic growth. Those are as follows: Net National Product (NNP), Gross National Product (GNP), etc. These concepts are discussed here in this section (Jones, 2010). GNP (Gross National Product) The gross national product (GNP) includes the goods and services produced within a country subtracted from the foreign transactions or transaction to the abroad (Krugman and Wells, 2013). This can be shown by the following formula: GNP = GDP Foreign transaction NNP (Net National Product) Net national product is calculated by the subtracting the depreciation from the GNP. (Krugman and Wells, 2012) This can be shown by the following formula: NNP = GNP - Depreciation 2: There are two tools for determining the economic growth, such as fiscal and monitory policy. When used properly, they can have alike consequences in both inspiringeconomyand slow it downward when it warmth up (Mankiw, 2010). The continuing deliberate is that, which one is extra effectual in the long run as well as in the short run. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is used by the government. The government comes forward to solve any economic problem is called fiscal policy. The government may spend or tax to effect any problematic situation in the economy and correct it accordingly (Mankiw, 2013). The interaction and the combination of the revenue acquired by government and the government expenditure bring about delicate balances in the economy. The fiscal policy, direct or indirect, has several effects on the personal spending, capital expenditure, deficit levels, exchange rate, interest rates etc. Fiscal policy is actually connected with the Keynesianism. An economist belonged to Britain named John Maynard Keynes had discovered the fiscal policy. The fiscal policy is used to expand as well as to contract the GDP level. There are two types of fiscal policies, such as expansionary fiscal policy and the contraction fiscal policy. The fiscal policy has several positive effects on the economic situations (Mankiw, 2012). The government has several operations for the running of the fiscal policy. The expansionary fiscal policy is when the income or the GDP rises and the rate of interest also rises. On the other hand, the GDP will fall and the rate of interest will also fall with the working of the contraction fiscal policy. This policy is actually the decision of the government regarding the taxing as well as the spending. When the government is willing to encourage the growth of the economy as a whole, the government will raise the spending(Marjit, 2011). That will cause a rise in the demand for goods as well as services. As the demand for the goods and the services have risen, the production will rise. Now, if the production is stimulated, then the employment rate will rise accordingly. As the employment rises, the money in the hand of people will rise, that means the income level will rise. This will again stimulate the demand. In this way, the process works. The cycle will hopefully go on and the economic growth will continue. This means that the increase in the government spending actually speed up the growth of the whole economy (Marjit, 2011). Now, if the government decides to slow down the economic growth, then it will take contraction method of fiscal policy. The government notice that the economy is growing faster than it desires to be, then the government will decrease the spending level. As the government decreases the spending, then the demand for the goods as well as the services will fall. As the over all demand for goods and services falls, the production will slow down. As the production slows down, the investment will automatically fall. The need for the workers in the companies will fall, so the employment rate will decrease (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin, 2012). This decline in the employment will result in the money income. Money in the hand of people will decline accordingly. Then the demand for goods as well as the services will fall. Another side of the fiscal policy is the taxes. If the government wants to speed up the economic growth, then the government will tend to decrease in the tax. If the tax rate declines, then there will be money in the hand of the producers (Parkin, n.d.). This will stimulate the employment as the extra money in the hand of the producer will encourage in new recruitment. Thus the employment rises and the income level will also rise as well. As the income rises, the money in the hand of people will rise. This will stimulate the demand for the goods and services. So the economic growth rate will rise. On the other hand, the contraction fiscal policy suggests to raise in the tax rate. The employment will fall, income level will fall. So the demand for goods as well as services will fall. The production will fall and this will result in the low growth rate in the economy (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2010). According to some economists, the fiscal policy creates a crowding out effect in the economy. When the government has shortage of money to invest or shortage in the revenue for the purpose of spending, then the government has to borrow money to meet up the requirements of the country. Some economists say that the borrowing will raise the rate of interest. The increase in the rate of interest discourages the private investment. So it is generally said that the government spending has crowded out the private investment (Williamson, 2011). Monetary policy The central bank is the parent institution of the monetary economy in any country. The monetary policy is taken by the central bank of a country. Monetary policy is concerned with the monetary phenomena. The monetary policy works by increasing or by decreasing the money supply. There are many objectives of monetary policy(Williamson, 2014). Full employment The main goal of the monetary [policy is to sustain the full employment level in the economy. Price stability The second goal of the monetary policy is to sustain stability in the price level(Williamson, 2014). Economic growth Stimulating the economic growth is the third objective of the monetary policy Balance of payment Since 1950, the monetary policy is maintaining the equilibrium in the balance of payment. Instruments There are several instruments of the monetary policy, such as bank rate operations, open market operations, changes in the reserve ratio and the selective controls in the credit (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2010). Bank Rate Policy: Bank rate is actually the rate at which the commercial banks borrow from the central bank. The bank rate is the lowest rate of lending of money from the central bank to the commercial bank. The central bank fluctuates in the bank rate to influence the money available to the commercial bank as well as in the market (Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2011). The private investors borrow from the commercial banks. If the bank rate is high, then the rate of interest will also be higher. The investment will fall. Then the demand for goods and services will fall. The economic growth rate will fall. On the other hand, if the investment rises due to fall in the bank rate and thereby the fall in the rate of interest, the employment rate will rise accordingly. Then the level of income will rise. The demand for goods and services will rise(Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2014). Open market operations The open market operation includes the purchase and sales of several securities and bonds, which are marketed by the central bank. The central bank use to sale several securities and bonds to the public. There is a rate of interest written on it. The purchaser of the bond will paid the money back with the interest rate written on it. (Blanchard, 2010) Now, the interest rate has a significant role on the purchase or sale plans of the securities. If the demand for bond will rise, then the price of the bond will fall. Then the rate of interest will rise. This occurs with the formula, r = 1/ P, r is the rate of interest and the P is the bond price. If the rate of interest falls, that will affect the investment adversely. Employment will fall and the income will fall. On the other hand, if the investment rises due to fall in the price of bonds and thereby the fall in the rate of interest, the employment rate will rise accordingly. Then the level of income will rise. The demand for goods a nd services will rise(Clarida and Giavazzi, 2011). Reserve ratio Another instrument of the monetary policy is the change in the reserve ratio. The reserve ratio is the rate at which the commercial banks had to keep with the central bank. If the reserve ration rose, then the commercial banks have to keep more money with the central bank. Thus the quantity of money in the market will fall. Then the rate of interest will rise. Investment falls as a result of the increase in the rate of interest (Colander, 2013). Employment will fall and the income will fall. On the other hand, if the investment rises due to fall in the reserve ratio and thereby the fall in the rate of interest, the employment rate will rise accordingly. Then the level of income will rise. The demand for goods and services will rise. Selective credit control The selective credit control takes place in the case of speculative purpose. When the speculative activities rise, then the price of that particular commodity will rise. (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2014) But it has been conventional by all financial theorists that the achievement of monetary policy is zero in a depression. Secondly, it is victorious against price rises. The monetarists compete that as in opposition to fiscal policy as well as the monetary policy acquires superior suppleness and it can be put into practice rapidly (Frankel and Pissarides, 2012). Reference list Abel, A., Bernanke, B. and Croushore, D. (2011). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Abel, A., Bernanke, B. and Croushore, D. (2014). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Blanchard, O. (2010). Macroeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Clarida, R. and Giavazzi, F. (2011). NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2010. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Colander, D. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S. and Startz, R. (2014). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Frankel, J. and Pissarides, C. (2012). NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2011. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gartner, M. (2011). Macroeconomics. Gordon, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Gottfries, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2010). Macroeconomics. Boston: Prentice Hall. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2013). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. and Sharma, A. (2012). Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson. Jones, C. (2010). Macroeconomics. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. New York (N.Y.): Worth Publishers. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2010). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. Mankiw, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. Mankiw, N. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth. Marjit, S. (2011). India macroeconomics annual 2010. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. and Parkin, M. (2012). Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson. Parkin, M. (2011). Macroeconomics. Samuelson, P. and Nordhaus, W. (2010). Macroeconomics. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Williamson, S. (2011). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Williamson, S. (2014). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.

The Emperors Club free essay sample

The bigger mistake was letting Cedric go on through his student life without the professor doing something about his cheating and isbehaviours. Even if the professor caught Cedric cheating and doing pranks and disrespectful acts to his teachers, co-students and to his school, he still tolerated the bad acts of the child and didnt do anything to correct and sanction Cedric even if he knew that it must be corrected and reprimanded. Giving Cedric something he doesnt deserve in the first place and not reprimanding him is a huge crime already. These served as the primary causes for the child to carry on through his wicked character and attitude. Cedric grew up knowing that he could get anything easily even if he didnt deserve it and that he could get away with anything without him being lectured/ reprimanded to. Everything rooted from his school days. If I were the professor, I never would have given a child something that he/she doesnt deserve. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emperors Club or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Giving something they dont deserve results to them believing that they could get anything they want without them exerting an honest and diligent work. Also, supposing that I am in the position of catching a child cheating and doing pranks, I ould reprimand that child right away and give him/ her due sanction. Letting the child believe that he/ she can get away with anything (even bad behaviour) can lead to disastrous outcomes that they could carry on until they grow older. Being an educator is tough. We are torn between our love for our students (children) and our attempt to be parents and strict mentors to them. Letting a child fall and get hurt out of their own misdemeanours are some of the best ways and traits of being a great teacher. Let the students suffer the consequences of their bad doings and let them see that we, teachers, reprimand them if we see them do misbehaviours. If students see that teachers correct, reprimand and give sanctions right away especially when the students know that the teachers know what they did, teachers earn the students respect. Their moral values shall be honed to be strong all throughout their growing up years too because they know that bad behaviour shall not be tolerated and good attitude and character matters most. The Emperors Club By inaorate The Emperors Club free essay sample The Emperor’s Club is a film that addresses many moral and social aspects that are central to contemporary society’s moral controversy. Can morals be properly instilled in a young person outside of religion? Can our future decisions be predicted based on our current character? Can our current character even be changed or molded? Can morals be learned through studying the classics? The Emperors Club’s main characters are Mr. Hundert a teacher of classics at a prestigious preparatory school, and an unruly or misunderstood student, Sedgwick Bell. Their characters seem to perpetually butt heads, or at least be contrasting moral characters. How do I understand the ethical choices of the central characters? The main ethical dilemma in this film, I believe, is how Mr. Hundert decides to treat Sedgwick. Mr. Hundert associates himself with Sedgwick, after meeting Senator Bell; Hundert realizes that they both had very demanding and emotionally distant fathers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emperors Club or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr. Hundert is driven to take this unruly student under his wing. Even though the senator is Sedgwick’s paternal father Mr. Hundert endeavors to become his spiritual father. The movie plot begins with Mr. Hundert in his classroom, leading his personal little army of students wearing togas. Sedgwick Bell enrolls and wastes no time in becoming a thorn in Hr. Hundert’s back. With the two of them battling it out for the respect and control of the classroom. Things coming to point when Sedgwick flips off Mr. Hundert and Hr. Hundert laying down a severe rebuke, saying â€Å"stupid is forever†. Mr. Hundert travels to meet with Senator Bell concerning the poor behavior of his son. Once seated comfortably, Senator Bell confronts Mr. Hundert about the â€Å"good† of what he was teaching his son Sedgwick. Mr. Hundert is obviously taken aback by this question. Evident by him replying, that the senator, of all people should understand the importance of what can be learned from the classics. He goes off and lists civic virtue, philosophy, government, character as values that the ancients had embodied and set examples of. Mr. Hundert continues, saying that as a teacher it is his duty to mold Sedgwick. Here the Senator abruptly cuts him off and condescendingly informs him that he shall not mold his son, but to leave it for himself to do. That Mr. Hundert should only concern himself with instructing his son in such things as his times tables. Obviously not what Mr. Hundert expected to happen there in the Senator’s office. So basically after being chopped off at the knees in what he regards being a teacher is all about, and after seeing that Sedgwick was wanting of a father figure. The Senator’s phone call to his son and its obvious negative impact providing evidence of this. Mr. Hundert gives one more try, and challenges Sedgwick, gives him his old textbook, and told Sedgwick that he believed in him. With these actions he disregards the senator’s warning and attempts to mold him and become a spiritual father to Sedgwick. Sedgwick turns his act around and starts applying himself to his studies. And eventually makes his way near the top of the class, almost qualifying him for a spot in the Julius Caesar contest. So seduced by Sedgwick’s renewed effort, Mr. Hundert decides to bump him up into the last spot kicking some other poor kid out. Hoping that the ends justify the means, Mr. Hundert, a man who believes in the rules, broke them. But there are two moral climaxes in The Emperor’s Club. Both remarkably similar to each other, but taking place some 20 odd years apart. During the Julius Caesar contest it become apparent that Sedgwick is cheating, but because of the senator’s presence, it is decided to be overlooked. Allowing Sedgwick into the contest and failing to punish the cheating, Mr. Hundert lost the moral high ground so to speak. Failed to live up to the very values and morals he taught. After the cheating incident, Mr. Hundert realizes that he can no longer â€Å"save† him, and basically just gives in to him. Sedgwick falls back to his old habits of goofing off and creating mischief in the classroom. Later when Sedgwick graduates, Mr. Hundert confesses that he felt a sense of failure, being unable to change Sedgwick’s ways, and I believe, misplacing his trust and in Sedgwick. The second climax occurs in much the same way. Twenty years later, the kids are all grown up and are society’s elite. Basically there is to be a rematch to the Julius Caesar contest, and Mr. Hundert is called up from retirement to moderate the contest. Mr. Hundert returns hoping that time has proven him wrong. That Mr. Bell has turned into a fine example of a gentleman and father. And by all appearances this is true. The contest begins, but yet again, Sedgwick cheats. Prompting another sharp rebuke, the decisions that you take define your character and influence your children. In a final insult Sedgwick Bell takes Mr. Hundert’s rhetoric, and moral values and squanders it for his own political ambitions. What do I think is the films ultimate message? I think the film gives us that answer at the very beginning when Mr. Hundert’s dialogue states: â€Å"A man’s character is his fate†, and at the end where he says something to the effect that the boys had taught him something of inestimable value. That what he did for them mattered and that one misstep with Sedgwick does not blot out a life of goodness. I don’t think it is saying that we all travel a predetermined path, but rather that our small decisions are the foundation